Thursday, December 26, 2019

Outline the View That Crime Is Socially Constructed Essay

This essay will offer different definitions of crime, suggesting that it is a social construction as it varies across culture, time and belief. It will examine the role of social construction, through interpretation and meaning, in the identification, reporting and legal consequences of criminal acts. After illustrating how fear, escalated by the media, can directly affect crime, it will conclude that crime and its consequences are socially constructed. The obvious definition of crime is the legal definition of an act which breaks the law. However, the Oxford English Dictionary extends this to include an act which is ‘injurious to the public welfare Â… An evil or injurious act; an offence, sin; esp. of a grave character (Mooney et†¦show more content†¦Evidence suggests that the meaning attached to criminal acts influence the reporting, recording and legal consequences. For example, quantitative evidence or data demonstrates a substantial increase in crime until 19 95 and an apparent slight decrease since then (Maquire, 1997, p.158). Qualitative evidence questions this by suggesting that crime is greatly under-reported for reasons such as the feeling that the crime was not serious enough. In contradiction, Maguire (1997) suggests that there is an increased reporting of crimes, for example, through having greater access to a telephone. In relation to conviction, Eitzen (1986, p.427) demonstrates that white-collar crime and street crime carry different legal penalties, thus illustrating the different meanings they hold. Today concerns are often expressed about the increasing magnitude and changing nature of crime, which can lead to the perception that life was better in the past. Geoffrey Pearson (1983) suggests that this is one example in the history of ‘respectable fears which, it is argued, are a result of a decline in the stability of social structures, shared morality and values witnessed in, for example, the increase in single-parent families. Cohen (1973) suggests that societies do, periodically, experience these social fears or ‘moral panics when something or someone isShow MoreRelatedOutline and assess the view that crime and deviance are socially constructed1021 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Outline and assess the view that crime and deviance are socially constructed There has been a pleather of research regarding the issue of crime and deviance. A definition of crime and deviance can be explained in relative terms which are dependant on any particular society’s interpretation of crime and deviance. Cultures differ from one society to another and the general consensus of right and wrong can also evolve throughout time. Definitions of crime and deviance can evolve with factors suchRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Crime And Deviance1696 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx was a sociologist in the eighteenth century and was one of the first to develop and explain a conflict perspective on how society functions, he was a liberal reformist who had more radical views about the origins of crime and deviance. He became popular in the US and UK during the 1970’s. Like many radical criminologists, he developed the perspective of the conflict theory that explained how some social interactions result in to conflict and how individuals engage in con flict daily toRead MoreEssay about Social Deviance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesacceptable, and defining who we are - always done in opposition to what is unreal, unexpected, unacceptable and who we are not. If we can accept the reality of change, then designations of deviance are crucial in locating the shifting boundaries of our socially structured reality. (Erikson, 1964) What is perceived as deviant behavior is subject to change depending on our position, place and time. Different cultures have different levels of social order and control, therefore making what can be seenRead MoreLabelling Theories Contribution to the Sociological Understanding of Crime and Deviance1069 Words   |  5 PagesLabelling Theories Contribution to the Sociological Understanding of Crime and Deviance Becker is the main sociologist studying labelling theory on deviance, he argues that social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance. Meaning acts only become deviant when observers perceive it and define it as deviant. An example of this would be the act of nudity, it is accepted in the bedroom between husband and wife or on a nudist campRead MoreCrime And Deviance Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesCrime can be defined as ‘An action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law’ (Oxford Dictionary, 2017). It’s the violation of a written law that is set by society and is known as ‘committing a crime’. Deviance is defined as ‘the fact or state of diverging from usual accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behaviour’ (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017). To be deviant would be to perform an act that strays from the normal behaviours, or â€Å"norms† of any given society. ThereRead MoreWhat, if anything, has the discipline of criminology learned from the inclusion of a gendered perspective?3029 Words   |  13 Pagesthe inclusion of a gendered perspective? Gender and Crime Module: Soci308 Deadline: 13/01/2014 Assignment 2: 2,500 words Word Count: 2,500 Module Leader: Dr Karen Evans Student I.D. 200187509 What, if anything, has the discipline of criminology learned from the inclusion of a gendered perspective? In order to whether the discipline of criminology has learned anything from the inclusion of a gendered perspective, this essay will outline historical criminological discourses, addressing keyRead MoreThe Epistemology Of The Decision Making Process Of Burglars1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this essay is to attempt to identify the epistemology implicated in the research conducted by Emmeline Taylor about the decision making process of burglars. Essay begins with a concise definition of Criminology and a brief outline of ‘Rational Choice Theory’ which can be utilised to understand the decision making process of offenders and to provide a background for the notion of the rationality among burglars whilst acting criminal behaviour. Then it will continue with the explanationRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights3323 Words   |  14 Pagesargument that human rights are socially constructed and do not exist outside of the realm of politics. This will then f eed into the second part of the question where I shall discuss the prioritisation of community values over an alleged universal foundation. Structure The first part of the essay will concern itself with a more genealogical approach by looking at early philosophical origins of human rights and how these evolved over the years. With this I seek to outline the fact that while effortsRead MoreFirstly, Haidt Consider ‘Care’ As Moral Foundation. It1524 Words   |  7 Pagesexpansion of technology and mass media people are aware of certain things through media but â€Å"coverage of public affairs information in the mass media are elite biased† (Zaller, 1992). This information influence people to form political preference. This outline how the elite seek news and information and diffuse through mass population. Thus, there are differences between knowing it and experiencing it. Sometime this creates panic between immigrants because what they have known may be different in practiceRead MoreOutline the sources of secondary data that sociologists use and assess their advantages and disadvantages1500 Words   |  6 Page sï » ¿Outline the sources of secondary data that sociologists use and assess their advantages and disadvantages. (33 marks) A source of secondary data that sociologists use is official statistics, official statistics are quantitative data created by the government or other official bodies. A ten-yearly Census of the entire UK population is done on a range of area’s e.g. births, marriages and divorces. Government use official statistics in policy-making and there are several types of sources: registration

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Tax and Gross Income - 1511 Words

TEST 1 Correct Response Indicate whether each of the items listed below would be included (A) in or excluded (B) from gross income for the 2012 tax year. 1. Alimony | | 2. Lottery winnings | | 3. Life insurance proceeds received upon the death of a family member | | 4. Child support payments | | 5. Reimbursement of hospital expenses from a health insurance plan | | 6. Municipal bond interest | | 7. Unemployment compensation | | 8. Scholarships for tuition and books | | 9. Wages | | 10. Farm income | | 11. Inheritances | | Which of the following amounts must be included in the gross income of the recipient? a. Welfare payments | | | b. Royalties | | | c. Child support payments | | | d. Gifts |†¦show more content†¦a. True | | b. False | | | Interest income received by a cash basis taxpayer is generally reported in the tax year it is received. a. True | | b. False | | | Interest on U.S. Treasury Bonds is not taxable. a. True | | b. False | | | Taxpayers must report interest income on Series EE savings bonds as the interest accrues. a. True | | b. False | | | A gift received for opening a bank account is not taxable income to the recipient. a. True | | b. False | | | Child support payments are deductible by the spouse making the payments. a. True | | b. False | | | If a divorce agreement executed in 2012 specifies that a portion of the amount of an alimony payment is contingent upon the status of a child, that portion is considered to be a child support payment. a. True | | b. False | | | Correct Response eBook Problem 2-9 Alimony (LO 2.3) Arlen is required by his divorce agreement to pay alimony of $2,000 a month and child support of $2,000 a month to his ex-wife Jane. What is the tax treatment of these two payments for Arlen and Jane? Arlen is entitled to a deduction for . Jane includes in her income . Answers: only the alimony payments; only the alimony payments. Alimony payments are deductible by the individual making the payments, and they are taxable income to the person receiving the payments. For divorce agreements executed after 1984, alimony payments must meet the following requirements: 1. The paymentsShow MoreRelatedTax On Gross Transportation Income Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesToday, Section 883, Exclusions from Gross Income, is still the life rath that cruise companies cling to save and protect their income from standard U.S. taxation. Since its inception, (a)(1) Ships Operated by certain foreign corporations. Gross income derived by a corporation organized in a foreign country from the international operation of a ship or ships if such foreign country grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the United States. Since, Section 883 ultimately providesRead MoreWeek Seven Paper Work Ac555729 Words   |  3 Pages(AC553) Solution: (A) ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME: This is a measure of income and it used to establish eligibility for financial benefits. It is calculated as gross income from taxable sources minus allowable deductions. Adjusted gross income is important to individual income taxation because it controls individual qualification for numerous deductions and credits. Besides, it can affect individual eligibility for retirement plans. (B) How does ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME AFFECT: (1) Medical DeductionRead MoreFederal Income Tax Research Case1033 Words   |  5 PagesApril of 2015, Elizabeth filed a joint tax return with her husband Gary. Both spouses are 67 years old and have no dependents. After filing their tax return, Elizabeth realized that Gary has 500,000 of embezzled funds in a bank account that she was unaware of. Although the embezzled funds earned $25,000 of interest, they were not reported on the couple’s 2014 tax return. The following income and deductions were reported on the tax return. Gross Income $295,000 Deductions for AGI $8,500 Read MorePhilippines Income Tax Rates1240 Words   |  5 PagesPhilippines Income Tax Rates Income of residents in Philippines is taxed progressively up to  32%. Philippines Income Tax Rate 32% Philippines Corporate Tax Rate 30% Philippines Sales Tax / VAT Rate 12% Taxable Income  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tax Rate PhP 0 - PhP 10,000:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         5% PhP 10,000 - PhP 30,000:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      PhP 500  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      10% PhP 30,000 - PhP 70,000:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreBusiness/Tax Research Assignment1067 Words   |  5 PagesBUSINESS/TAX RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT 1. For the Tax year 2004, is SK eligible to switch from the accrual to cash method of accounting under Rev. Proc. 2001-10? This revenue procedure applies to taxpayer with average annual gross receipts of $1,000,000 or less. Since SK s average annual gross receipt is greater than 1,000,000 for 2004 therefore SK is not eligible to switch from the accrual to cash method of accounting. ( Rev. Proc. 2001-10,2001-1 CB 272) 2. For the tax year 2004, is SK eligibleRead MoreQuestions On The Unrelated Business Income Tax922 Words   |  4 Pagestopic. 1. What is the purpose of the Unrelated Business Income Tax? What factors would cause income that would otherwise qualify as unrelated business income to not be taxed? How is the Unrelated Business Income Tax computed? 2 pts Unrelated business income tax is defined in 26 U.S. Code Section 512 of the Internal Revenue Code as: â€Å"Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the term â€Å"unrelated business taxable income† means the gross income derived by any organization from any unrelated tradeRead MoreFinancial Accounting Uses The Accrual Concept1470 Words   |  6 Pagesand tax treatments of different transactions may therefore result in an entity’s profit/loss before taxation for a period (or year of assessment) being different from the entity’s taxable income/loss for that period (or year of assessment). Transnet is a South African resident company as it was incorporated in the Republic of South Africa (page 159 of the Transnet Annual Financial Statements 2015 Volume 2) and will therefore be taxed on its world-wide income. For an amount to constitute gross incomeRead MoreRevere Case684 Words   |  3 PagesInterest Potential Gross Income $91,200 Less: Allowance for Vacancy @ 5% 4,560 Effective Gross Income $86,640 Less: Operating Expenses Total $25,194 Real Estate Taxes 7,800 Utilities 4,330 Insurance Fee 2,600 Maintenance Fee 1,800 Management Fee @ 5% 4,332 Repairs @ 5% 4,332 Net Operating Income $61,446 Less: Annual Debt Service 45,900 BTCF from Operations $15,546 Less: Income Tax 3,003.89 ATCF fromRead MoreGross Income Implications For The Individual Who Accepted The Bribe1089 Words   |  5 PagesGross Income implications for the individual who accepted the bribe: The definition of gross income per section 1 of the Income Tax Act for any resident is: †¢ the total amount †¢ in cash or otherwise †¢ received by, or accrued to, or in favour of such resident †¢ during such year or period of assessment †¢ excluding receipts and accruals of a capital nature The bribe of R300 000 meets all the aforementioned requirements of the gross income definition except for whether or not the amount has been ‘receivedRead MoreGovernment Budget1521 Words   |  7 PagesExpenditure Item Transfer payments Social Security Medicare Law enforcement Education Infrastructural and facilities development and maintenance Revenue Item 1 Payroll Taxes Income Tax Property Taxes Revenue Item 2 Income Taxes Transfers Transfers Revenue Item 3 Corporate Taxes Sales and gross Taxes Sales and gross Taxes The Federal revenue sources enumerated above are just some of the means through the US Government makes money. Payroll taxes are federal or state taxes that are withheld

Monday, December 9, 2019

Working Procedure and Notes of the Ball Mill free essay sample

Ball mill is the key equipment for grinding after the crushing process, which is widely used in the manufacture industries, such as cement, silicate, new building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ferrous metal, nonferrous metal and glass ceramics and can be used for the dry and wet grinding for all kinds of ores and other grind-able materials. Between balance wheel and middle wheel of ball mill gear box, mesh. Tooth elevation do not install according to the regulation, this will cause the ball mill high speed shaft pinion drives one side intermediate shaft big gear wheel, while ball mill intermediate shaft pinion drives balance wheel, ball mill balance wheel drives the other side intermediate shaft that makes ball mill gear box cannot form two sides load sharing rotation, occur beat voice, it is dangerous. ) ball mill should not work under the situation of overload and underfeeding. 3) ball mill should rotate according to the specified direction ,otherwise it will not discharge or damage the machine. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Procedure and Notes of the Ball Mill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The stages of load test run are: (1) Add certain materials and 1/3 quantity of steel mill (max. ball load refers to ball mill instruction) test for 12~~24hours. (2) Add 2/3 quantity of steel ball run for 24~48 hours 3) According to the discharge situation of ball mill, the output of accepted products refers to the actual ball load of the same kind beneficiation plan t to makes sure the reasonable ball load of this ball mill, then test for at least 72hours. In the above process, the time of test run and increase of the load capacity should according to the big wheel gear and pinion and the running-in situation (tooth surface, temperature rise, noise, contact)of gear box. Full load test run will be process till gear surface contact precision reaches the designed requirement. 5) during test run, cooling and lubricating system of ball mill should work smooth; main bearing, transmission bearing, gear box temperature should be normal.

Monday, December 2, 2019

The Life of Jimi Hendrix free essay sample

A look at the life and achievements of singer Jimi Hendrix. His musical styles and influences are discussed in detail. This paper provides an in depth study on the life of Jimi Hendrix. His musical styles and influences are discussed in detail. The focus is to see why he was regarded as one of the greatest rock guitarists of all time. Jimi Hendrix is arguably the most innovative electric guitarist of all time, combining blues, hard rock, modern jazz, and soul to create his own distinct sound. Jimi began playing at the age of twelve, when his father bought him an old guitar in which Jimi turned upside down and restrung. He first learned the blues from greats such as B.B. King and Muddy Waters. When Jimi was seventeen, he joined the armed forces, where he met future bassist, Billy Cox. The two enhanced their skills as they played for troops around the camp. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life of Jimi Hendrix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Hendrix was discharged from the army, he began to tour the Chitlin Circuit with different artists such as Little Richard and the Isley Brothers. Eventually Hendrix was discovered by Chas Chandler of the Animals, and took Jimi to England and made him a star. When Jimi came back to America and performed at the Monterey Pop Festival, he became an instant success. Over the next few years, Jimi put out some of the most popular, creative and innovative music that is still emulated today. The focus of this paper is to show how Hendrix created his own style of music that was heavily based on the blues and other musical styles and scenes.