The Aral Sea free essay sample

Disaster of Aral Sea The Aral Sea was once the fourth largest inland sea in the world. About, a million years ago from now the northwestern part of Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan were covered by a massive inland sea. This sea was formed when all the waters retreated from a big land; they left a broad plain that contained highly saline soil. Due to the retreating of water many ancient remains were disappeared. The only remnant that remained was a big inland sea which was the Aral Sea. The Aral Sea was an inland salt water sea, one odd thing about this sea is, there was no channels connected to the sea.There were two different rivers that feed into the Aral Sea which are the Amu Darya River that flows down from Pamir Mountain and the other one is Syr Parya that flows from Tian Shan Mountains. The fresh water from these two rivers keeps the water of Aral Sea and the slat levels in perfect balance. The first one who pulled the trigger that started the disaster of Aral Sea was the soviet central government. In 1960 decided to make the Soviet Union to be self-sufficient in cotton and to increase the production of rice.To carry on with their plan the government of Soviet Union ordered to people to take out additional amount of water needed from the 2 rivers that was currently feeding into the Sea. Maybe that time they couldn’t think of other source to take out water t use, but because of their decision they created a problem in Aral Sea that could never be fixed. Also from that time the people who lived near the Aral Sea that could never be fixed. Also from that time the people who lived near the Aral Sea had to suffer because the fishes and other organic lives started to face a disaster that might not have any solution Dams that were built by the Soviet Union across the 2 rivers for irrigation also had some affect on salinity, notably by reduction of its variability with the season’s smaller lakes within the Aral sea that have stopped being fed by river flow tend to have higher salinity due to evaporation, causing a lot of fish to die. Before the soviet central union government made the decision to put out water from the 2 rivers the actual Aral Sea was a rich source of fish. About 20 species were identified by the biologists from the sea, including sturgeon an d catfish.The town of Muynak, located on the edge of the sea, was a fishing town that attracted a lot of travelers all around the word to its seaside visits. But, as a result of the soviet central government decision, today Muynak is a desert town more than a hundred kilometers from the sea. The only remains in the town are lot of ships that is in a process of rusting and some ancient fish plant. At first they consumed it was a temporary condition and dredged a canal to the retreating shore so boats could continue to sail the sea and still dock at the wharves.But the effluents that did reach the sea were laced with a deadly mix of salt and pesticides from the cotton fields. Fish populations fluctuated and eventually when the canal was 30 km long and the sea continued to move away, the boats were then abandoned to sail on the sea anymore. The drinking water supplies have sea interrupted, and the water is contaminated with pesticides and other agricultural chemicals as well as bacteria and viruses. The farms in the area near use some highly toxic pesticides and other harmful chemicals. For decades, these chemicals have been deposited into the Aral Sea was lost water, the climate has become extreme. Also when the wind blows across the dried up Sea, it carries dust containing toxic chemicals. So, a centuries old way of life has disappeared in decades. The vast area of exposed seabed is laced with pesticides. It’s estimated that 75 million tons of toxic dust and salts are spread across central Asia each year. If the Aral Sea dries up completely, 15 billion tons of salt will be left behind. Evaporation is another cause of pollution in Aral Sea. More and more water is lost which means more and more of oxygen is disappearing also, so the fishes can’t survive so they die and decompose which emits pollutants e. . ) Algae. As more water has been taken from the rivers, the sea’s water level has decreased by over 60%. As a result of all those problems over the five years the sea’s depth has decreased from 30 metres to 12 metres. One of the main causes of the disaster in Aral Sea is significant loss of water. Although, the water level has fluctuated up to a few metres in the past due to natural variability, in the water flow from the rivers, by 1970. The water loss exceeded the limit of natural water level variation that has occurred in the past. The river inflow has been rapidly decreasing since 1960. Net evaporation has also decreased; as a result, there was a net deficit of water to the sea. In the first period of disappearance, water level has dropped by about 21 cm/year. But, in the next decade or so, the speed of water level has increased to 57 cm/year and as the time goes the rate got faster and faster. As the lake loses water, it becomes shallower. The incoming solar radiation for a given square area now has to heat up a smaller volume of water, thus the water temperature at the surface increases faster.This in turn lowers the specific humidity at the surface, which further increases the rate of evaporation. Another factor that accelerated the evaporation is that the Salinization of the lake leads to vertical stratification. (Full of water) (Almost no water) As the sea level dropped because of water, inflow of salts to the sea exceeded the salt discharge. In the salt ten years, the salinity increased by 14%, which exceeded the threshold for many commercial fish. As a result commercial fishing catches fell from 43,000 tons in 1960 to zero in 1980.From 1960 to 2004 in 44 years the surface salinity increased from 10ppt to 92ppt. The steep rise in salinity was loss, the element which alters landscapes the most. When agriculture uses furrow irrigation, soil receives an excessive amount of water from rivers and canals. Water then gets filtered by depositing the salt in the soil. Excess water accumulated in groundwater that remains after filtration raises the water table. Risen groundwater dilutes and moves upward the salt resting in the soil. Water moves upward and salt concentration increases in the surface layers of the soil.The water evaporates during day time, leaving the salt behind as it becomes like a layer of snow on the surface of the ground. The other cause of shrinking of Aral Sea is change in the sea surface temperature. The heat capacity is reduced; therefore it can warm up and cool off faster than before. The change in the sea surface between day and night creates more and more of sea breezes. In a sense, Aral Sea has started to exhibit a monsoon climate, which is characterized by seasonal climate change due to warming and cooling of the sea. The shrinking period was also characterized by less ice covering of the sea.The Aral Sea region experienced significant desertification during the desiccation period. Several factors influenced the desertification, including the decline in the groundwater level. Bu cutting off water supply to a region, the hydrological balance of the area becomes offset as more water leaves the region. Frequent low-water periods contributed to the shortfall of needed resources for vegetation. The decline in the groundwater level in the Amudarya and Syndarya deltas lead to increase in salinity. Due to increase in salinity plants began to die away.The vegetation decreased to 40% and the side effect of the decrease in the protective vegetation stronger winds, which led to dust storms in the area. Six million hectares of agricultural land were destroyed as a result of Salinization and desertification. In 1960 the Aral Sea’s biodiversity was considered low. The water in the sea supported no more than 24 species of fish, over 200 species of free living macro invertebrates, and 180 land animal species. Due to the lowering of water level and the rise of salinity and toxicity none of the fish species survived. Less than 30 macro invertebrates survived and of the land animal that were reliant of the Aral Sea a few dozen remain. With the retreating shores once water locked breeding grounds of many fish species became vulnerable to land predators. Also, with the decreasing volume of animal life in the region more salient species were introduced in an attempt to preserve the 44,000 tones of fish pre anuum. The disaster of Aral Sea has degraded the environment in many different ways. After all the miserable things happened they finally came out with possible solutions to recover the Aral Sea.The possible solutions that they came out with were 1. Improving the quality of irrigation canals 2. Installing desalination plants 3. Charging farmers to use the water from the rivers 4. Using alternative cotton species that require less water 5. Using fewer chemicals on the cotton 6. Moving farming away from cotton 7. Installing dams to fill the Aral Sea 8. Redirecting water from the Volga, Ob and Irtysh rivers. This would restore the Aral Sea to its former size in 20–30 years at a cost of US$30–50 billion 9.Pumping sea water into the Aral Sea from the Caspian Sea via a pipeline, and diluting with freshwater from local catchment areas Not all parts of Aral Sea was possible to recover since the south Aral sea has almost completely dried there isn’t anything to do for them because even they try to recover the south Aral Sea they won’t see any progress. At least they had the North Aral sea to attempt to recover one of the thing that they did is the Kazakh government planned to build Dike Kokaral, a concrete dam separating the two different parts of the Aral Sea.

Industry Production Essay Example For Students

Industry Production Essay Industry ProductionThe structure of industrial production and the service industries ischaracterized by the prevalence of smarkforce, 30% beingll and medium-sizedcompanies (94% and 5.6% according to 100 workers) thoug981 data), employing,however, only 70% of the workforce, 30% being monopolized by large c ompanies(more than 100 workers) though these comprise only 0.4% of the total. This meansthat companies are widely dispersed over the whole country, obviously withsignificant location and concentration of industry, and more than half theindustrial comp anies operate at little more than workshop level, as is seen bythe small workforce in each production unit. On the other hand, the small number of large companies is explained by increasedconcentration, at that level also indicated by the high number of employees. There is only a limited number of cooperative companies (food sector and thetransformation of agricultural products), while large companies tend to becomemultinational. The presence of companies with foreign capital monopolizingspecific commodity secto rs (pharmaceuticals, photographic materials,electronics, cosmetics etc.) is far from rare. One particular kind of development regards medium-sized companies, frequentlyderivations of small family-run businesses with a specialized production, whichas a result of management flexibility have succeeded in reconverting productionand using technol ogical innovations which, with increased competitivity, enablethem to penetrate international markets, in this way contributing to theconsolidation of the Italian image and presence throughout the world. The Industrial SectorsThe steel and metalworking industriesThe countrys economic revival in the immediate postwar period was essentiallysustained by development and expansion of the basic industries, particularly thesteel industry, itself conditioned by the importation of raw materials such asores, scrap iron and coal. Membership of ECSC enabled the Italian steel industry, which had installed theintegral processing cycle, to attain extremely high levels of production thussatisfying increasingly greater domestic demand, such as that of the engineeringindustry, as well as the export market. Following plant reconversion steel andmetal production is now stagnating due to the international economic situationdominated by strong competition from Japanese industries and plastics, leadingto overproduction in the principal European countries. The engineering industriesMechanical engineering production is extremely varied and includes companiessuch as shipbuilding, aerospace, carbuilding etc. with complex work cycles,together with the manufacturers of simple tools. Component manufacturing is alsowell developed and cl osely allied to companies producing durable goods noteasily classified in any one sector (for example, non-metallic materials used inthe car industry: rubber, glass, plastics etc). In practice, mechanical engineering with its diversification and multiplerelationships with other industries is considered the mainstay of the nationalproductive system also in terms of the large workforce employed (over 2,2million according to the 198 1 census, including small workshops). Apart fromcars and other vehicles, the most highly developed industries are tools,household appliances, electronic equipment, precision instruments etc. Theindustrial machinery sector is particularly active with ex tensive overseasmarkets, and includes components for complete process cycles. The chemical industryThe chemical industry is closely linked to mining and quarrying and usesprevalently liquid (oil) and gaseous hydrocarbons (methane) from which animmense range of materials is produced (rubber, plastics, synthetic resins,synthetic fibres, fertilizers et c.), apart from traditional utilization asheating fuel, engine fuel etc.). Like the steel industry, the chemical industry has been going through a criticalperiod due to over-production and problems related to modernization of plant. One serious additional condition is the need to resort to large-scaleimportation of raw materia ls for transformation, and consequent submission tofluctuating conditions on the international market. The textile industryTextiles are the oldest Italian industry, widespread throughout the formerStates on the peninsula and frequently linked to the rural community whichprovided plentiful low cost labour. In the postwar period, this sector faced aperiod of crisis caused pr imarily by the use of old machinery and inefficientworking methods, though also by competition by foreign producers, particularlyin developing countries which were already raw material suppliers (cotton, wool,jute etc.). In actual fact, the crisis in the textile industry has deeper roots in theprogressive decay of some traditional related activities, such as silkwormbreeding and the cultivation of hemp and flax. The utilization of artificialfibres derived from cellulos e, and later of synthetics derived fromhydrocarbons, together with renewal of production plant (mainly automated) andjob reorganization, has enabled far higher levels of productivity to be reached,offset by a considerable decrease in the workforce and concentration ofcompanies. For its raw material supplies (synthetic fibres) and the utilization of thefabrics produced, the textile sector is closely allied (also by verticalmergering of companies) to the chemical and garment manufacturing industries. The latter, in particular, i s still scattered over the country, in the form ofsmall firms. The food industryDevelopment of the food industry is a direct consequence of the expansion oflarge urban centres and progressive industrialization. Strictly allied to theprimary sector (agriculture and livestock) it makes considerable usenevertheless of imports, the re sult of insufficient national agricultural andlivestock production.Ascatteringofsmallartisan-typefirmsgenerallyorientedtowards meeting local demand is now flanked by numbers of medium-sized companiesoperating at a national level, using advanced systems of processing,conservation and packaging, themselves flanking the pasta, wine and oilproducers, and other traditional companies. The food conservation industry is ina special position, connected with agriculture, livestock and fisheries. Certain sectors of the economy such as wines, bakery products and confectionery,are particularly renowned abroad. A number of big multinationals monopolizesupplies and are thus in a position to influence market conditions, while massdistribution (super markets) is interdependent with certain food manufacturers,while frozen and vacuum packed foodstuffs have helped to extend seasonalconsumption, particularly of fresh fruit, vegetables and perishables. Here is a chart showing the dramatic changes in Industry. The Geological SubstratumEven if it is not very extensive,theItalian territory is distinguished by theconsiderable variety of its substratum rocks. The Alps are largely formed fromcrystalline rocks (granites, gneisses, mica-schists, porphyries, etc.) but thereare also sedimentary rocks (limestones, dolomites and sandstones) that arewidespread in the eastern sector and the pre-Alpine belt. Sedimentary rocks arealso prevalent throughout the Apennines (limestones, dolomites, sandstones,clays, marls, etc.), including Sicily, and are found in Sardinia too, wherecrystalline and volcanic rocks predominate. There latter (formed from ancientand recent lava and tufa) also appear in Sicily and along the peninsulasTyrrhenian margin (where there is a considerable concentration of volcanicphenomena, in part still active) as well as in the Alps. Finally, the flat areas,including the great Po-Venetian Plain, are basically formed of mixed depositsthat are mainly fluvial in origin (conglomerates, grav els, sands, clays). Thegreat variety of rock types characterizing the Italian framework is mainly theresult of a complex geological past, distinguished by marked environmentalalternations now marine, now continental as well as frequent changes inclimatic conditions. Furthermore, even if present mountain forms are consideredto be rather recent, Italy does contain extremely old rock formations. Some ofthe metamorphic outcrops in the Alpine arc and in the Sardinian-Corsican andCalabrian-Peloritan massifs were formed before the Palaeozoic era, that is morethan 600 million years ago, and therefore do not contain significant traces oforganisms. During the Palaeozic era (lasting from circa 570 to 230 million yearsago) the area now occupied by Italy was largely covered by a tropical sea(called Tethys by geologists) from which must have emerged some mountain folds,as those of the Caledonian period, begun some 500 million years ago and whosetraces remain in southwestern Sardinia (Iglesiente and Sulcis). The nextmountain building period, the Hercynian, occurred during the last 100 millionyears of the Palaeozoic era and was accompanied by considerable volcanicactivity. This provoked the formation of the original nucleus of the Alpinechain together with the emergence of the Calabrian-Peloritan mountains(Aspromonte and Sila in Calabria and Peloritan in Sicily) and the Sardinian-Corsican massif. The volcanic activity of this period also affected the Alpinearc (porphyry effusions in the Adige Valley), as well as in the northernApennines (Garfagnana and Apuan Alps) and Sardinia and Corsica. Following theHercynian orogenesis, the mountains formed by it were subject to intense erosion. Thus at the end of the Palaeozoic era there emerged from the waters of theTethys (the extensive oceanic basin separating the Euro-Asiatic continentalplate from the African) the remains of the palaeo-Alpine chain, part of thenorthern section of the peninsula probably connected with the Sardinian-Corsican massif, and, further south, the other great island fold of theCalabrian-Peloritan massif. During the course of the succeeding Mesozoic era,lasting for over 160 million years, almost all the present area of Italyremained covered by a large marine basin on whose bottom (which variedconsiderably in depth) was deposited on different occasions material of varioustypes. This was to produce, following a process of compaction and orogenesis,disparate rock formations: limestones, dolomites, sandstones, marls, etc. Inparticular, in the northeastern area there formed extensive coralline reefs fromwhich the present Dolomites are derived. Towards the end ot the Mesozoic era theprogressive moving together of the African and European continental platesreduced their common marine space and caused a folding of their respectivemargins and part of the bed of the Tethys. This was to produce the Alpine andApennine chains whose curvature reflects the anticlockwise movement of thecontact line between Europe and Africa produced by the particular forces oftheir respective plates. Their collision took place some 40 million years ago(between the Eocene and Oligocene periods) in the first-half of the Cenozoic era,which is considered to have lasted from circa 65 million to 2 million years ago. Al Gore: Presidential Candidate EssayThe coastlineThe complexity of the peninsulas relief is echoed in the diversity of itscoastal profile. Along the low and sandy Adriatic shores this is generallyrectilinear, with the exceptions of the bulge of the Po delta and of the tworocky promontories of the Conero and Gargano. The Ionian and Tyrrhenian shoresare very different, their extensive sandy curves, corresponding to the edges ofthe coastal plains, alternating with high rocky coasts or steep promontorieslike those of Piombino, Argentario, Circeo, the Sorrento Peninsula, etc. Thecoasts of Sicily and Sardinia present a similar morphological picture, thelatter having frequent rias or deep inlets resulting from the sinking of longstretches of the eastern coast. Climatic ConditionsDespite its geographical position at the centre of the temperate zone, Italy hasrather variable climatic characteristics. This is due to the presence of theMediterranean, whose warm waters mitigate thermal extremes, and the Alpine arc,which forms a barrier against the cold north winds. Furthermore, Italy issubject to both wet and moderate atmospheric currents from the Atlantic Oceanand dry and cold ones from eastern Europe. The Apennine chain too, confrontingthe wet winds from the Tyrrhenian, causes considerable climatic differencesbetween the opposite sides of the peninsula. The differences in temperaturebetween the winter and summer months are more marked in the northern regionsthan in the south and along the coasts. The mean temperatures for the month ofJanuary in the Po Plain fluctuate around zero, while in the Alpine valleys thethermometer can drop to -20 and snow can remain on the ground for many weeks. In the southern regions, instead, the mean temperatures for January remainaround 10, with the exception of the inland mountainous zones. Mean summertemperatures throughout all Italy rise to 24-25 for July, only being lower inthe highest zones. Rainfall distribution also varies considerably, due to theinfluence of both mountains and prevailing winds. The highest quantities areregistered in the Alpine arc (over 3,000 mm pa in the Lepontine and Julian Alps)and on the Apennines (over 3,000 mm pa in the Apuan Alps). The plains, however,including that of the Po, receive scarce precipitation. Generally it is lessthan 800-900 mm pa but in the southern regions (Tavoliere and southern Sicily)it falls below 600 mm pa. The great internal Alpine valleys and the coastalplains of the Tyrrhenian (Maremma) and Sardinia also receive little rain. Altogether, six large climatic regions can be distinguished, mainlycharacterized by mountain influence. 1) An Alpine region, strongly influenced byaltitude, with long cold winters and short cool summers having an elevated day-time temperature range; precipitation is more intense in the summer months,especially in the pre-Alpine belt. 2) A Po region, with continental conditions,consisting of cold and often snowy winters and warm and sultry summers;precipitation is greatest in the spring and autumn months; the climate becomesmilder, however, around the pre-Alpine lakes; fog is frequent, due to thewetness of the land. 3) An Adriatic region, whose sea has lit tle influence dueto the inability of its shallow waters to trap the summer heat; consequently theclimate has a continental character, with its winters being dominated by coldnorth-east winds (bora). 4) An Apennine region, also with continental tendenciesand cold snowy winters; precipitation is more intense on the Tyrrhenian slopesan d is abundant in all seasons apart from the summer. 5) A Ligurian-Tyrrhenianregion, with a maritime climate and heavy and frequent precipitation, which isless in the summer and distributed irregularly; the winters are cool and theannual temperature range narrow. 6) A Mediterranean region, also with a limitedannual temperature range; precipitation is frequent, especially in winter, andthe summers are hot and dry. The interior and mountain zones of the islands andCalabria also have an Apennine type climate due to the altitude. Inland WatersThe characteristics of the Italian water network are closely associated withmorphological and climatic conditions. There are only a few tens of watercourseslonger than 100 km, though the Po, which is also the longest of them all (652km) has a rainwater basin almost equal to a fourth of the national territory(74,970 sq km). Other important rivers are the Adige and Piave, descending fromthe Alps and flowing from the north into the Po, and the Arno and Tiber, flowingthrough central Italy into the Tyrrhenian. The other main tributaries of the Poare the Ticino, Adda and Oglio, arising in the Alps, the Tanaro, from theApennines, and the Reno too, though it has its mouth to the south of the Podelta. The rivers running down the Tyrrhenian slopes of the peninsula areusually longe than those of the Adriatic, because of the Apennine watershedbeing further to the east. The Italian waterways are little used for transportdue to their rather limited and variable flow. In fact the Alpin e rivers have acycle conditioned by the winter snow cover, being high in the summer and low inthe winter; while the pre-Alpine and northern Apennine source rivers are mainlyrain-fed and are only full in spring and autumn. Consequently, the cycle of thePo River is the most regular and therefore best suited to navigation. The otherrivers of the peninsula and islands are heavily influenced by climaticconditions, being full in winter and empty in summer. In the latter case it isnot unusual for the bed to remain completely dry, as in the case of the typicalfiumare in Calabria and Sicily. Italy is fairly well supplied with lakes, havingseveral thousand natural and artificial basins of different sizes and origins. The largest and deepest occupy the bottom of the great pre-Alpine valleys attheir junction with the Po Plain (from Lake Orta to Lake Garda, which is thelargest of all, while Lake Como is the deepest) and they were all excavated byPleistocene glaciers. Also along the Apennine spine there are fairly frequentlarge lakes, such as Trasimeno the remains of an older lake that together withothers occupied the bottom of the internal basins of the peninsula. The numeroussmall lakes scattered inside the spent craters of Latium and Campania arevolcanic in origin. The coastal plains of the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and largeislands contain basins that are sometimes extensive and derived from lagoons. Furthermore, the Italian Alpine slopes, above 2,800 m., contain about a thousandglaciers. Some of these are of a considerable size, such as the Miage Glacier,which is some 10 km long and descends the southern slope of Mont Blanc in ValledAosta. The glaciers are especially important for their function as waterreserves, providing as they do a constant supply for the Alpine rivers. Thecentral Apennines also have a small glacier, under the northern walls of theCorno Grande (Gran Sasso). Finally, Italys water system is completed by themany underground water bearing strata of the numerous limestone karst massifs inthe pre-Alps and Apennines. These produce springs bearing a considerable volume(as that of the Peschiera in Latium or the Sele in Campania, etc.). In addition,there are those reaching to varying depths under the Po Plain and the otheralluvial plains. The Italian SeasWith its extension from southern Europe towards Africa, the Italian peninsulaalmost divides the Mediterranean in two separate basins. Leaving aside theStrait of Messina, the shortest distance between Sicily and Africa (NE Tunisia)is circa 140 km, reduced to 70 km if it is measured from the island ofPantelleria. In this part of the sea (Channel of Sicily) the depth does notexceed 500 m. Furthermore, the eastern Mediterranean section, known as the Seaof Sicily and from which emerge the Maltese Islands, the Pelagian andPantelleria, rarely exceeds a depth of 1,500 m. Considerably deeper, on theother hand, is the Ionian Sea. This extends eastwards from Sicily and Calabriaand southwards from the Salentina Peninsula, touching on the 4,000 m isobath. Equally deep is the Tyrrhenian Sea, within the triangle formed by Corsica andSardinia, Sicily and the Italian peninsula. At its centre it often exceeds adepth of 3,500 m. A narrow channel (the Canale di Corsica) separates it, to thenorth, from the Ligurian Sea. This latter exceeds a depth of 2,000 m in itswestern section corresponding to the Riviera di Ponente. The shallowest of theItalian seas is the Adriatic, which up to the level of Ancona does not exceed 80m and only at Pescara does it decend below 200 m; off the coast of Puglia,however, it exceeds a depth of 1,200 m. Finally, in the area of the Strait ofOtranto the two shores of the Adriatic draw close together and here the Italianand Albanian coasts are only 75 km apart. As for the rest of the Mediterranean,the surface temperature of the Italian seas is on average rather high. In thenorthern Tyrrhenian, the Sea of Sicily, Ionian and southern Adriatic it is circa13; in the Ligurian Sea circa 12; in the southern Tyrrhenian circa 14; but inthe northern Adriatic, because of the shallowness of the waters, it drops to 9. The quality of the water is also rather elevated, reHistory

Teaching Students About An Essay On A Place

Teaching Students About An Essay On A PlaceA sample descriptive essay about a place is a great way to teach students that they can create an essay on their own. While the process of writing an essay can seem somewhat intimidating, a sample assignment can make the learning process much more enjoyable.If you want to make a class project a little easier, you can ask your students to write a sample descriptive essay about a place in your class. Usually this will be on a regular schedule and at least a couple of weeks after the semester begins. The students will also receive a few assignments will be mailed out before the semester ends.The student's school needs to find the person who is going to do the writing. They will need to talk to them about how the writing process works and if they would like to participate in any way. This is a very good idea because the students are going to be looking forward to writing the essay and having some input into the content. They might not want to ju st read through and pass the assignment along, so they are going to want to make sure that they are involved and are able to provide a little bit of input.The student should also consider what type of content they want to write on their sample descriptive essay about a place. There are several things that they can include such as life in the area, neighborhoods, landmarks, businesses, etc. They should choose a topic that they feel they have experience with and be ready to write on.Teachers need to make sure that the students know that they will be getting feedback on the sample essay. The students are not simply reading and passing it off to another student. The students are going to be reading it, critiquing it, and adding their own ideas to the content.This is a great way for students to have some input and their opinions on what is already in the curriculum. These sample essays will make the students aware of how to complete their assignment and they will be able to create an ess ay on their own.The student can even come up with an essay that was already submitted by another student. That may not be what they intended, but they may be able to think of a way to adapt the format to their needs. It is also important to remember that they should try to capture all of the ideas that were presented during the lecture and have some fun while they are writing the essay.

Apollo 13 essays

Apollo 13 essays Can you remember back to the year 1970? This was the year the U.S. was supposed to make history by landing the first man on the moon. Two days after launch, while Apollo 13 was approaching the moon to begin lunar operations, something exploded on the ship. The crew had to overcome many life-threatening obstacles while on the trip back to earth. NASA discovered what caused the explosion on Apollo 13 after the crew was safe back on earth. The Apollo 13 capsule was launched atop a Saturn V rocket on April 11, 1970. During all spacecraft launches, launch controllers on the ground keep a close watch on the spacecrafts systems. The Apollo 13 astronauts faced a dangerous situation when an oxygen tank in the command and service module exploded two days after launch, but they were able to use oxygen reserves in the lunar module and returned safely to the earth. On April 11, 1970 the Apollo 13(piloted by A. Lovell Jr., John L. Swigert Jr., and Fred Wallace Haise Jr.) was launched into space on a trip to the moon. Two days after launch, while Apollo 13 was approaching the moon to begin lunar operations, something exploded on the ship that caused the service module of the CSM(control systems module) to lose its oxygen, electrical power, and other systems, including its ability to achieve an abort maneuver for a direct return to earth. The crew of three had to shut down the CSM and quickly moved to the LM. When they shut down the CSM the heaters were shut off, the capsule and the LM(lunar module) would get as cold as 32Â ° or below, the crew had to endure the cold temperatures for the next few days. During the trip around the moon and back to earth the crew had to overcome many life-threatening obstacles such as: near freezing temperatures, excess carbon dioxide in the LM, storing their urine, and re-entering earths atmosphere. The crew could not do anything about the near freezing temperatures. They overcame the lo ...

Secondary Data and Secondary Analysis - An Overview

Secondary Data and Secondary Analysis - An Overview Within sociology, many researchers collect new data for analytic purposes, but many others rely on secondary data- data collected by somebody else- in order to conduct a new study. When a research uses secondary data, the kind of research they perform on it is called secondary analysis. Key Takeaways: Secondary Data Secondary analysis is a research method which involves analyzing data collected by someone else.A great deal of secondary  data resources and data sets are  available for sociological research, many of which are public and easily accessible.  There are both pros and cons to using secondary data.Researchers can mitigate the cons of using secondary data by learning about the methods used to collect and clean the data in the first place, and by careful usage of it and honest reporting on it. What Is Secondary Analysis? Secondary analysis is the practice of using secondary data in research. As a research method, it saves both time and money and avoids unnecessary duplication of research effort. Secondary analysis is usually contrasted with primary analysis, which is the analysis of primary data independently collected by a researcher. How Do Researchers Obtain Secondary Data? Unlike primary data, which is collected by a researcher herself in order to fulfill a particular research objective, secondary data is data that was collected by other researchers who likely had different research objectives. Sometimes researchers or research organizations share their data with other researchers in order to ensure that its usefulness is maximized. In addition, many government bodies within the U.S. and around the world collect data that they make available for secondary analysis. In many cases, this data is available to the general public, but in some cases, it is only available to approved users. Secondary data can be both quantitative and qualitative in form.  Secondary quantitative data is often available from official government sources and trusted research organizations. In the U.S., the U.S. Census, the General Social Survey, and the American Community Survey are some of the most commonly used secondary data sets within the social sciences. In addition, many researchers make use of data collected and distributed by agencies including the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Education, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, among many others at federal, state, and local levels. While this information was collected for a wide range of purposes including budget development, policy planning, and city planning, among others, it can also be used as a tool for sociological research. By reviewing and analyzing numerical data, sociologists can often uncover unnoticed patterns of human behavior and large-scale trends within society. Secondary qualitative data is usually found in the form of social artifacts, like newspapers, blogs, diaries, letters, and emails, among other things. Such data is a rich source of information about individuals in society and can provide a great deal of context and detail to sociological analysis. This form of secondary analysis is also called content analysis. Why Conduct Secondary Analysis? Secondary data represents a vast resource to sociologists. It is easy to come by and often free to use. It can include information about very large populations that would be expensive and difficult to obtain otherwise. Additionally, secondary data is available from time periods other than the present day. It is literally impossible to conduct primary research about events, attitudes, styles, or norms that are no longer present in todays world. There are certain disadvantages to secondary data. In some cases, it may be outdated, biased, or improperly obtained. But a trained sociologist should be able to identify and work around or correct for such issues. Validating Secondary Data Before Using It To conduct meaningful secondary analysis, researchers must spend significant time reading and learning about the origins of the data sets. Through careful reading and vetting, researchers can determine: The purpose for which the material was collected or createdThe specific methods used to collect itThe population studied and the validity of the sample capturedThe credentials and credibility of the collector or creatorThe limits of the data set (what information was not requested, collected, or presented)The historic and/or political circumstances surrounding the creation or collection of the material In addition, before using secondary data, a researcher must consider how the data are coded or categorized and how this might influence the outcomes of a secondary data analysis. She should also consider whether the data must be adapted or adjusted in some way prior to her conducting her own analysis. Qualitative data is usually created under known circumstances by named individuals for a particular purpose. This makes it relatively easy to analyze the data with an understanding of biases, gaps, social context,  and other issues. Quantitative data, however, may require more critical analysis. It is not always clear how data was collected, why certain types of data were collected while others were not, or whether any bias was involved in the creation of tools used to collect the data. Polls, questionnaires, and interviews can all be designed to result in pre-determined outcomes. When dealing with biased data, it is absolutely critical that the researcher is aware of the bias, its purpose, and its extent. However, biased data can still be extremely useful, as long as the researchers carefully consider the potential effects of the bias. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The Future Executives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

The Future Executives - Assignment Example Therefore, organizational leaders should be a charismatic human who understands the needs of all the stakeholders.Charismatic executives will be able to link the organization’s goals with individual goals in order to meet the interests of all stakeholders (Cleveland, 1972). By the year 2025, organizations will be using the latest technology to gather information for decision making. They will require a quick response from the stakeholders to aid decision making. Therefore, with high expectations of centralized research centers in the organization executive leaders should be able to socialize with others and share information through social media. Charismatic leaders will be able to relate well with all stakeholders and are highly sensitive to people’s needs (Cleveland, 1972). Furthermore, businesses will face external and internal challenges thus charismatic leaders will be able to control the business environment since they are environment conscious (Cleveland, 1972). Charismatic leaders are great risk takers and can engage in informal practices to get a quick solution to issues affecting organizations. Therefore, the future organizational leaders should be charismatic in order to keep the organization articulate to the needs of the stakeholders and maintain global competitiveness (Cleveland, 1972). Executives should embrace susceptibility to risk. The traditional managerial approach entails leaders shielding themselves against any risk (Cleveland, 1972). However, future leaders should be willing to get exposed to various forms of risks since they lead to innovation. Also, future leaders should be ready to share information with their followers (Cleveland, 1972). That contradicts the traditional approach of leadership whereby leaders issue instructions to the followers and withhold any information they consider critical to the business success.  

The Goddess Isis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Goddess Isis - Essay Example She was widely worshipped by people in Egypt as well as other countries of the Mediterranean Region during ancient times. The Legend of Isis is one of the oldest myths in Egyptian history. It was the foundation of the old Egyptian state religion. The first written records about her appeared in the hieroglyphics in the Pyramid Texts during the period 2350 – 2100 BC (Goddess.ws). In the beginning there existed the Sun god named Ra and his wife called Nut. Nut fell in love with another God named Geb. When Ra discovered his wife’s infidelity, he became very angry and punished Nut by cursing her that she could not give birth on any child during any of the then 360 days that comprised a calendar year. In her sadness and desperation to have children, Nut turned to Thoth, the god of knowledge, for help. Thoth, who knew that there was no way to evade Ra’s curse, formulated a plan. The plan involved the Moon goddess Silene primarily because at that time the intensity of her moonlight was equal to the sunlight of Ra. Thoth challenged Silene to a wager whereby she would surrender one seventh of her moonlight if she lost. Thoth won the wager and won one seventh of Silene’s light {this is the reason why the moon wanes every month}. Thoth used his part of moonlight to add 5 days to the calendar year, thereby increasing the number of days in a year fr om 360 to 365. The success of Thoth’s plan provided Nut with a span of 5 days during which she could give birth to five children fathered by Geb while at the same time not evading Ra’s curse on her. Nut gave birth to Osiris on the first day. Horus was born on the second day followed by Seth, Isis and Nephthys on the third, fourth and fifth days respectively (Crystalinks.com). Osiris grew up and became Pharaoh of Egypt. He married his sister Isis. Osiris was a good and conscientious ruler who devoted all his time and energy towards civilizing his people (Crystalinks.com). He was