Outline the View That Crime Is Socially Constructed Essay

This essay will offer different definitions of crime, suggesting that it is a social construction as it varies across culture, time and belief. It will examine the role of social construction, through interpretation and meaning, in the identification, reporting and legal consequences of criminal acts. After illustrating how fear, escalated by the media, can directly affect crime, it will conclude that crime and its consequences are socially constructed. The obvious definition of crime is the legal definition of an act which breaks the law. However, the Oxford English Dictionary extends this to include an act which is ‘injurious to the public welfare Â… An evil or injurious act; an offence, sin; esp. of a grave character (Mooney et†¦show more content†¦Evidence suggests that the meaning attached to criminal acts influence the reporting, recording and legal consequences. For example, quantitative evidence or data demonstrates a substantial increase in crime until 19 95 and an apparent slight decrease since then (Maquire, 1997, p.158). Qualitative evidence questions this by suggesting that crime is greatly under-reported for reasons such as the feeling that the crime was not serious enough. In contradiction, Maguire (1997) suggests that there is an increased reporting of crimes, for example, through having greater access to a telephone. In relation to conviction, Eitzen (1986, p.427) demonstrates that white-collar crime and street crime carry different legal penalties, thus illustrating the different meanings they hold. Today concerns are often expressed about the increasing magnitude and changing nature of crime, which can lead to the perception that life was better in the past. Geoffrey Pearson (1983) suggests that this is one example in the history of ‘respectable fears which, it is argued, are a result of a decline in the stability of social structures, shared morality and values witnessed in, for example, the increase in single-parent families. Cohen (1973) suggests that societies do, periodically, experience these social fears or ‘moral panics when something or someone isShow MoreRelatedOutline and assess the view that crime and deviance are socially constructed1021 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Outline and assess the view that crime and deviance are socially constructed There has been a pleather of research regarding the issue of crime and deviance. A definition of crime and deviance can be explained in relative terms which are dependant on any particular society’s interpretation of crime and deviance. Cultures differ from one society to another and the general consensus of right and wrong can also evolve throughout time. Definitions of crime and deviance can evolve with factors suchRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Crime And Deviance1696 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx was a sociologist in the eighteenth century and was one of the first to develop and explain a conflict perspective on how society functions, he was a liberal reformist who had more radical views about the origins of crime and deviance. He became popular in the US and UK during the 1970’s. Like many radical criminologists, he developed the perspective of the conflict theory that explained how some social interactions result in to conflict and how individuals engage in con flict daily toRead MoreEssay about Social Deviance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesacceptable, and defining who we are - always done in opposition to what is unreal, unexpected, unacceptable and who we are not. If we can accept the reality of change, then designations of deviance are crucial in locating the shifting boundaries of our socially structured reality. (Erikson, 1964) What is perceived as deviant behavior is subject to change depending on our position, place and time. Different cultures have different levels of social order and control, therefore making what can be seenRead MoreLabelling Theories Contribution to the Sociological Understanding of Crime and Deviance1069 Words   |  5 PagesLabelling Theories Contribution to the Sociological Understanding of Crime and Deviance Becker is the main sociologist studying labelling theory on deviance, he argues that social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance. Meaning acts only become deviant when observers perceive it and define it as deviant. An example of this would be the act of nudity, it is accepted in the bedroom between husband and wife or on a nudist campRead MoreCrime And Deviance Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesCrime can be defined as ‘An action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law’ (Oxford Dictionary, 2017). It’s the violation of a written law that is set by society and is known as ‘committing a crime’. Deviance is defined as ‘the fact or state of diverging from usual accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behaviour’ (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017). To be deviant would be to perform an act that strays from the normal behaviours, or â€Å"norms† of any given society. ThereRead MoreWhat, if anything, has the discipline of criminology learned from the inclusion of a gendered perspective?3029 Words   |  13 Pagesthe inclusion of a gendered perspective? Gender and Crime Module: Soci308 Deadline: 13/01/2014 Assignment 2: 2,500 words Word Count: 2,500 Module Leader: Dr Karen Evans Student I.D. 200187509 What, if anything, has the discipline of criminology learned from the inclusion of a gendered perspective? In order to whether the discipline of criminology has learned anything from the inclusion of a gendered perspective, this essay will outline historical criminological discourses, addressing keyRead MoreThe Epistemology Of The Decision Making Process Of Burglars1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this essay is to attempt to identify the epistemology implicated in the research conducted by Emmeline Taylor about the decision making process of burglars. Essay begins with a concise definition of Criminology and a brief outline of ‘Rational Choice Theory’ which can be utilised to understand the decision making process of offenders and to provide a background for the notion of the rationality among burglars whilst acting criminal behaviour. Then it will continue with the explanationRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights3323 Words   |  14 Pagesargument that human rights are socially constructed and do not exist outside of the realm of politics. This will then f eed into the second part of the question where I shall discuss the prioritisation of community values over an alleged universal foundation. Structure The first part of the essay will concern itself with a more genealogical approach by looking at early philosophical origins of human rights and how these evolved over the years. With this I seek to outline the fact that while effortsRead MoreFirstly, Haidt Consider ‘Care’ As Moral Foundation. It1524 Words   |  7 Pagesexpansion of technology and mass media people are aware of certain things through media but â€Å"coverage of public affairs information in the mass media are elite biased† (Zaller, 1992). This information influence people to form political preference. This outline how the elite seek news and information and diffuse through mass population. Thus, there are differences between knowing it and experiencing it. Sometime this creates panic between immigrants because what they have known may be different in practiceRead MoreOutline the sources of secondary data that sociologists use and assess their advantages and disadvantages1500 Words   |  6 Page sï » ¿Outline the sources of secondary data that sociologists use and assess their advantages and disadvantages. (33 marks) A source of secondary data that sociologists use is official statistics, official statistics are quantitative data created by the government or other official bodies. A ten-yearly Census of the entire UK population is done on a range of area’s e.g. births, marriages and divorces. Government use official statistics in policy-making and there are several types of sources: registration

Tax and Gross Income - 1511 Words

TEST 1 Correct Response Indicate whether each of the items listed below would be included (A) in or excluded (B) from gross income for the 2012 tax year. 1. Alimony | | 2. Lottery winnings | | 3. Life insurance proceeds received upon the death of a family member | | 4. Child support payments | | 5. Reimbursement of hospital expenses from a health insurance plan | | 6. Municipal bond interest | | 7. Unemployment compensation | | 8. Scholarships for tuition and books | | 9. Wages | | 10. Farm income | | 11. Inheritances | | Which of the following amounts must be included in the gross income of the recipient? a. Welfare payments | | | b. Royalties | | | c. Child support payments | | | d. Gifts |†¦show more content†¦a. True | | b. False | | | Interest income received by a cash basis taxpayer is generally reported in the tax year it is received. a. True | | b. False | | | Interest on U.S. Treasury Bonds is not taxable. a. True | | b. False | | | Taxpayers must report interest income on Series EE savings bonds as the interest accrues. a. True | | b. False | | | A gift received for opening a bank account is not taxable income to the recipient. a. True | | b. False | | | Child support payments are deductible by the spouse making the payments. a. True | | b. False | | | If a divorce agreement executed in 2012 specifies that a portion of the amount of an alimony payment is contingent upon the status of a child, that portion is considered to be a child support payment. a. True | | b. False | | | Correct Response eBook Problem 2-9 Alimony (LO 2.3) Arlen is required by his divorce agreement to pay alimony of $2,000 a month and child support of $2,000 a month to his ex-wife Jane. What is the tax treatment of these two payments for Arlen and Jane? Arlen is entitled to a deduction for . Jane includes in her income . Answers: only the alimony payments; only the alimony payments. Alimony payments are deductible by the individual making the payments, and they are taxable income to the person receiving the payments. For divorce agreements executed after 1984, alimony payments must meet the following requirements: 1. The paymentsShow MoreRelatedTax On Gross Transportation Income Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesToday, Section 883, Exclusions from Gross Income, is still the life rath that cruise companies cling to save and protect their income from standard U.S. taxation. Since its inception, (a)(1) Ships Operated by certain foreign corporations. Gross income derived by a corporation organized in a foreign country from the international operation of a ship or ships if such foreign country grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the United States. Since, Section 883 ultimately providesRead MoreWeek Seven Paper Work Ac555729 Words   |  3 Pages(AC553) Solution: (A) ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME: This is a measure of income and it used to establish eligibility for financial benefits. It is calculated as gross income from taxable sources minus allowable deductions. Adjusted gross income is important to individual income taxation because it controls individual qualification for numerous deductions and credits. Besides, it can affect individual eligibility for retirement plans. (B) How does ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME AFFECT: (1) Medical DeductionRead MoreFederal Income Tax Research Case1033 Words   |  5 PagesApril of 2015, Elizabeth filed a joint tax return with her husband Gary. Both spouses are 67 years old and have no dependents. After filing their tax return, Elizabeth realized that Gary has 500,000 of embezzled funds in a bank account that she was unaware of. Although the embezzled funds earned $25,000 of interest, they were not reported on the couple’s 2014 tax return. The following income and deductions were reported on the tax return. Gross Income $295,000 Deductions for AGI $8,500 Read MorePhilippines Income Tax Rates1240 Words   |  5 PagesPhilippines Income Tax Rates Income of residents in Philippines is taxed progressively up to  32%. Philippines Income Tax Rate 32% Philippines Corporate Tax Rate 30% Philippines Sales Tax / VAT Rate 12% Taxable Income  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tax Rate PhP 0 - PhP 10,000:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         5% PhP 10,000 - PhP 30,000:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      PhP 500  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      10% PhP 30,000 - PhP 70,000:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreBusiness/Tax Research Assignment1067 Words   |  5 PagesBUSINESS/TAX RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT 1. For the Tax year 2004, is SK eligible to switch from the accrual to cash method of accounting under Rev. Proc. 2001-10? This revenue procedure applies to taxpayer with average annual gross receipts of $1,000,000 or less. Since SK s average annual gross receipt is greater than 1,000,000 for 2004 therefore SK is not eligible to switch from the accrual to cash method of accounting. ( Rev. Proc. 2001-10,2001-1 CB 272) 2. For the tax year 2004, is SK eligibleRead MoreQuestions On The Unrelated Business Income Tax922 Words   |  4 Pagestopic. 1. What is the purpose of the Unrelated Business Income Tax? What factors would cause income that would otherwise qualify as unrelated business income to not be taxed? How is the Unrelated Business Income Tax computed? 2 pts Unrelated business income tax is defined in 26 U.S. Code Section 512 of the Internal Revenue Code as: â€Å"Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the term â€Å"unrelated business taxable income† means the gross income derived by any organization from any unrelated tradeRead MoreFinancial Accounting Uses The Accrual Concept1470 Words   |  6 Pagesand tax treatments of different transactions may therefore result in an entity’s profit/loss before taxation for a period (or year of assessment) being different from the entity’s taxable income/loss for that period (or year of assessment). Transnet is a South African resident company as it was incorporated in the Republic of South Africa (page 159 of the Transnet Annual Financial Statements 2015 Volume 2) and will therefore be taxed on its world-wide income. For an amount to constitute gross incomeRead MoreRevere Case684 Words   |  3 PagesInterest Potential Gross Income $91,200 Less: Allowance for Vacancy @ 5% 4,560 Effective Gross Income $86,640 Less: Operating Expenses Total $25,194 Real Estate Taxes 7,800 Utilities 4,330 Insurance Fee 2,600 Maintenance Fee 1,800 Management Fee @ 5% 4,332 Repairs @ 5% 4,332 Net Operating Income $61,446 Less: Annual Debt Service 45,900 BTCF from Operations $15,546 Less: Income Tax 3,003.89 ATCF fromRead MoreGross Income Implications For The Individual Who Accepted The Bribe1089 Words   |  5 PagesGross Income implications for the individual who accepted the bribe: The definition of gross income per section 1 of the Income Tax Act for any resident is: †¢ the total amount †¢ in cash or otherwise †¢ received by, or accrued to, or in favour of such resident †¢ during such year or period of assessment †¢ excluding receipts and accruals of a capital nature The bribe of R300 000 meets all the aforementioned requirements of the gross income definition except for whether or not the amount has been ‘receivedRead MoreGovernment Budget1521 Words   |  7 PagesExpenditure Item Transfer payments Social Security Medicare Law enforcement Education Infrastructural and facilities development and maintenance Revenue Item 1 Payroll Taxes Income Tax Property Taxes Revenue Item 2 Income Taxes Transfers Transfers Revenue Item 3 Corporate Taxes Sales and gross Taxes Sales and gross Taxes The Federal revenue sources enumerated above are just some of the means through the US Government makes money. Payroll taxes are federal or state taxes that are withheld

Working Procedure and Notes of the Ball Mill free essay sample

Ball mill is the key equipment for grinding after the crushing process, which is widely used in the manufacture industries, such as cement, silicate, new building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ferrous metal, nonferrous metal and glass ceramics and can be used for the dry and wet grinding for all kinds of ores and other grind-able materials. Between balance wheel and middle wheel of ball mill gear box, mesh. Tooth elevation do not install according to the regulation, this will cause the ball mill high speed shaft pinion drives one side intermediate shaft big gear wheel, while ball mill intermediate shaft pinion drives balance wheel, ball mill balance wheel drives the other side intermediate shaft that makes ball mill gear box cannot form two sides load sharing rotation, occur beat voice, it is dangerous. ) ball mill should not work under the situation of overload and underfeeding. 3) ball mill should rotate according to the specified direction ,otherwise it will not discharge or damage the machine. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Procedure and Notes of the Ball Mill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The stages of load test run are: (1) Add certain materials and 1/3 quantity of steel mill (max. ball load refers to ball mill instruction) test for 12~~24hours. (2) Add 2/3 quantity of steel ball run for 24~48 hours 3) According to the discharge situation of ball mill, the output of accepted products refers to the actual ball load of the same kind beneficiation plan t to makes sure the reasonable ball load of this ball mill, then test for at least 72hours. In the above process, the time of test run and increase of the load capacity should according to the big wheel gear and pinion and the running-in situation (tooth surface, temperature rise, noise, contact)of gear box. Full load test run will be process till gear surface contact precision reaches the designed requirement. 5) during test run, cooling and lubricating system of ball mill should work smooth; main bearing, transmission bearing, gear box temperature should be normal.

The Life of Jimi Hendrix free essay sample

A look at the life and achievements of singer Jimi Hendrix. His musical styles and influences are discussed in detail. This paper provides an in depth study on the life of Jimi Hendrix. His musical styles and influences are discussed in detail. The focus is to see why he was regarded as one of the greatest rock guitarists of all time. Jimi Hendrix is arguably the most innovative electric guitarist of all time, combining blues, hard rock, modern jazz, and soul to create his own distinct sound. Jimi began playing at the age of twelve, when his father bought him an old guitar in which Jimi turned upside down and restrung. He first learned the blues from greats such as B.B. King and Muddy Waters. When Jimi was seventeen, he joined the armed forces, where he met future bassist, Billy Cox. The two enhanced their skills as they played for troops around the camp. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life of Jimi Hendrix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Hendrix was discharged from the army, he began to tour the Chitlin Circuit with different artists such as Little Richard and the Isley Brothers. Eventually Hendrix was discovered by Chas Chandler of the Animals, and took Jimi to England and made him a star. When Jimi came back to America and performed at the Monterey Pop Festival, he became an instant success. Over the next few years, Jimi put out some of the most popular, creative and innovative music that is still emulated today. The focus of this paper is to show how Hendrix created his own style of music that was heavily based on the blues and other musical styles and scenes.

Creating employment and business opportunities for ODA

Creating employment and business opportunities for ODA Introduction The Olympic Development Authority is an executive non departmental Public Body which is responsible to the Secretary of state for Culture, Media and Sport. The Olympic Development Authority was first started as a Statutory Corporation by the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympics Games act 2006 on March 30th 2006 and it is also the Statutory Planning Authority for the Olympic Park Area (ODA, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Creating employment and business opportunities for ODA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The mission of the Olympic Delivery Authority which it does its level best to achieve is the delivery of venues, facilities and infrastructure and provision of transport facilities on time and performance of such activities on time and in a manner that ensures that there is maximum delivery of a sustainable legacy within the available budget. In trying to create new employment and busines s opportunities locally, regionally and nationally, the Olympic development authority, the organization should carefully consider its PESTLE and SWOT analysis in order to create a human resourcing strategy that is effective and efficient and is in line with the goals, objectives and mission of the organization (Stevens Loudon 2005, p.27). PESTLE analysis on Olympic Development Authority A PESTLE Analysis is usually used to take note of the external forces that affect an organization. A PESTLE analysis on an organization usually analyses the Political, Economical, Social and Technological Environment. Political Factors Affecting Olympic Development Authority This step involves a careful look at the political factors that influence the operations of an organization. In most cases, political factors that affect an organization can either come with advantages or disadvantages. In trying to ensure the delivery of its employment and business objective to â€Å"create new employment and business opportunities locally, regionally and nationally†, the Olympic Development Authority should consider all the duties and responsibilities that come to the organization such as the type of government in place and a democratic or dictatorship government which would ensure that the organization is able to perform all its duties without interference from the political leaders of the country.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It would also ensure that the organization would be able to take advantage of all the available opportunities and without any interference from corrupt officials especially from the government. Political factors such as legislation on minimum wage would also be a great influence on the human resourcing strategy that the organization would come up with (Henry 2008, p.57). All organizations must stick by all the legislation rules concern ing the minimum amount of money that they need to pay individuals on the work that they perform. Political factors also affect the laws on discrimination. The Olympic Development authority has been fortunate enough to have carried out a public sector equality duties since its addition to the to the London Olympic and Paralympics Games act which was enacted in 2006 for public bodies. For race duties, the Olympic development Authority ensures that there is promotion of equal opportunities for people for all races that have the needed qualifications or those that have already been employed by the Olympic Development Authority (ODA 2010). The organization is also tasked with the development of great relations among members of the community who come from different racial groups. The organization is supposed to ensure that there is no harassment of individuals on the basis of their being disabled. This is done because the organization is involved in the arrangement of activities that incl ude disabled people and encourages promotion of equal opportunities for these individuals (Pahl Ritcher 2009, 52). The Olympic development authority is also supposed to promote positive attitudes which would encourage disabled people apply for jobs in the organization and to encourage the disabled people in the organization to feel more comfortable at the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Creating employment and business opportunities for ODA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also in relation to the public sector equality duties that are affected by the political affiliation of the organization to the government to follow various rules, the Olympic Development Authority has a duty to identify all the policies and functions that affect the human resourcing function of the organization and ensure that they are adhered to (Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2008,73). The organization, together with the Olympics or ganizing committee is also supposed to ensure that they gather and analyze information that affects them and involve all the stakeholders in coming up with the correct decisions regarding creation of employment opportunities. For example, the organization is supposed to completely get rid of employment discrimination cases that might exist in the organization based on gender and transsexual issues and introduce strict policies on matters that regard sexual harassment. Strict guidelines and measures must be put in place to ensure that no members of staff are sexually harassed. The Olympic Development Authority must also ensure that it comes up with its own effective Voluntary codes and practices. Failure to come up with effective codes and practices would lead the government to introduce its own codes and regulations which must be strictly followed by the organization failure to which might lead to imposing of fines or imprisonment of management members of the organization if the law s violated are in relation to human resources. Economical factors All organizations are affected by economic factors in both the national and global fields. Fiscal policy that is enacted at a national level affect all businesses in a country. National interest rate also affects the financial aspect of a company depending on how it has financed its business. An economic climate will affect how an organization is able to get hold of its funds and how it spends these funds. In relation to creation of new employment opportunities for the Olympic Development Authority, a good economic climate would ensure that the organization is able to hire new employees and retain their current employees (Grant 2005, p.447).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A good economic climate would also ensure that the organization is able to take part in activities that would be able to bring in new and profitable business such as entry into new and promising business ventures with other organizations. In the business field, an organization requires money to make money and a good economic climate would ensure that the organization would have access to the funds. The main intention of this is to make sure that it remains competitive in the market locally, regionally and globally. When an organization is in a good economic position, it can be able to hire the right members for the organization who hold all the required qualifications that the business needs in order to carry out its operational functions. On the other hand, if an economic undergoes inflation, it is likely to have its financial position affected which would have a direct impact on its ability to employ and maintain employees. If the Olympic Development Authority was in a poor financ ial position, it would probably terminate some of the contracts that it has with its employees in order to be able to stay afloat in the market. In so doing, the organization would still have to stick to all the legal rules that are tied to dismissing of employees (Pahl Ritcher 2009, 80). The legal department would prove very helpful in ensuring that the organization abides to all the labor laws of the country regarding to this act. This would help in the prevention of civil litigation which might damage the public image of the organization. For Olympic Development Authority to become or remain successfully in the market, it should be able to shift its business position in relation to stakeholders that affect its economic position and condition (Phillips Gully 2011, 48). Social Factors Social factors that affect an organization include demographic factors which can influence the Olympic Development Authority. The demographic factors include such things as age distribution and heal th consciousnesses, cultural factors and population growth rate of the stakeholders and target population for an organization. With the increase in health awareness of most individuals, it would be imperative for Olympic Development Authority to market itself and get more people involved in the activities of the organization. Eating and social lifestyles of most individuals in the world have changed and the Olympic Development Authority can use this factor in its marketing strategy to market its business on the local, regional and national front. The organization can run an aggressive campaign in the media to get people to enroll in the activities organized by the Olympic Development Authority (ODA). Through the campaigns, the organization can use health experts like doctors, nutritionists and recreation management experts to sensitize people on the benefits of Olympics gathered by the organization. Illnesses like diabetes and high blood pressure should be used to encourage people t o take part in the activities of the organization (Tansky Heneman, 2006, 59) A majority of individuals suffer from these illnesses or know people that are close to them that have been affected by such illnesses and this would go a long way in helping the organization expand its market share locally, regionally and nationally through an increase in the clientele base and an expansion in the pool of the employees that are available for the organization to recruit and train and therefore, increase innovation in the human resources department. The greater the pool of applicants to the jobs that are available in an organization, the greater the amount of creativity in an organization and therefore, the more competitive and economically advantaged an organization is compared to its competitors (Haderberg Rieple, p.588). Technological Factors Technology has evolved bringing with it more opportunities for organizations to grow by increasing their product awareness in the market therefore, creating new business opportunities and employment opportunities in the organization. With the growth of social networking sites like face book, twitter, my space and other sites, the Olympic Development Authority can be able to reduce the amount of money that the spend on marketing and advertising campaigns and instead use the money on innovation through their research and development initiatives. Research and development usually lead to the best and competitive practices for an organization, therefore, placing the organization ahead of others in the industry (Hill Jones 2009, 489). Legal Factors Legal factors affecting an organization usually include laws relating to an organization in regard to its health, consumer, labor, activity, discrimination and anti-trust law. The Olympic Development Authority has to ensure that it follows all the labor laws in hiring and compensating its employees. Human resources are one of the most important professionals in an organization and they mu st be properly taken care of so that they remain productive in the organization. An organization that takes care of its employees in the way that it is supposed to ensures that it has a good reputation and image in the market. This eases the effort that the organization puts in dealing with its stakeholders (Bratton Gold 2001, p.32). Environmental Factors These are the factors that are directly influenced or related to the environment such as climatic factors, geographical location, insurance and the people’s activities such as tourism. Tourism would be one of the activities that would have a great positive effect on the Olympic Development Authority by bringing in a great and diverse pool of individuals that would have a positive effect on the organization. This would help the organization in its human resource strategies function by improving its public image. It would have an impact on the kind of people that would apply to get hired into the organization. The higher the qualifications of the people who work for the organization, the better the productivity of the organization through creation of new opportunities to expand the organization and improve its performance in the local, regional and national front (Hendry 1994 p.40). SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis in an organization provides for a planning tool for organization based on the internal strengths of the organization, internal weaknesses of the organization, opportunities that present themselves to the organization and the threats that are available in the external environment surrounding the organization. A SWOT Analysis for an organization can help it to make discoveries on what the organization can keep on doing in order to stay ahead of its competitors, which areas the competitors of the business organization excel in compared to an organization of their choice and why, to make discoveries whether the business organization is making full advantage of all the opportunities that are available to the organization and offer an insight into how best the organization can deal with challenges that might present themselves to the organization and use them to their advantage (Capon 2008, p.67). Strengths The Strengths of the Olympic Development Authority include its organizational structure which is functional. Such an organizational structure ensures that all the departments of the organization are aware of the duties that they should abide by and most of the time they have targets that they should meet. This is a good organizational structure for the ticketing and merchandising departments which usually fall under the sales department. When the human resources in these departments are of the sales targets that they are supposed to meet, they are more motivated which efficiently increases their productivity (Henry 1994, 33). An introduction of bonus schemes when employees hit their targets is a great human resource and business strategy for an organization. Such an organizatio nal structure is also a cost effective initiative for the whole organization since it reduces the number of employees on the payroll and all the present employees have their roles clearly stated. When human resources in an organization have their roles and duties clearly defined, they are more productive which is an advantage to the organization since it means that it is more competitive when compared to similar organizations in the market (Hill Jones 2009, 19). Weaknesses The Olympic Development authority usually advertises its job opportunities on its website which no doubt greatly limits the number and pool of applicants to the available jobs. There are many individuals who are highly qualified and would be appropriate for the advertised jobs, but they might not have access to either a computer, internet access or both. It would have a great impact on the pool of applicants available for recruitment to the Olympic development Authority if the organization would advertise its ava ilable jobs on a greater number of sites or media outlets for example on the newspapers or on social networking sites. A greater pool of applicants’ would mean that the organization would have access to more talented individuals. This would therefore mean more innovation in coming up with great and competitive ideas. Advertising in more media outlets would also mean that the number of applicants that would apply to the organization would be more diverse. The more the diverse the individuals hired into the organization, the more the ideas that will be shared increasing research opportunities for the company thereby, leading to effective and competitive means of increasing market share and productivity (Capon 2008, 45). Opportunities Since the Olympic development Authority is a growing organization, it can take advantage of its affiliation to the government to expand its market penetration. This can be through negotiation of tax grants or increased allocation of funds to expand into the local, regional and national market. This type of affiliation would prove advantageous especially in comparison to private firms which might not have the opportunity of these privileges (Phillips Gully 2011, 72). Threats Threats into the performance of the Olympic Development Authority include similar organizations which might have better and more competitive policies in their human resources departments. The impact of the correct human resources in the positions in organization cannot be underestimated. The right human resources in an organization ensure that the needed work is done in an organization and that an organization is able to achieve the targets and needed growth. The right human resources strategies that recruit and maintain the right employees should be enacted in the organization (Phillips Gully, 74). Human Resource Plan The organization should focus more on human resources strategy and increase the requirements that need to be fulfilled to in terms of age , gender, sexual orientation and religion. Making the rules and policies clearer in relation to these parameters would foster a more positive working environment for employees and raise the caliber of employees that apply to the organization (Armstrong 2008, p.93). The organization would also have a variety of professionals to select from around the globe. The Olympic Development Authority should offer growth opportunities for their employees through mentorship programs, strategic leadership practices and collaboration with government or private agencies that would create better opportunities with important local, regional or national partners. References List Armstrong, M., 2008. Strategic Human Resource Management: a Guide to Action, 4th edition. Kogan Page : London. Bratton, J., Gold, J. 2001. Human Resource management: Theory and Practice. New York: Routeledge. Capon, C., 2008. Understanding Strategic Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Grant, R. M., 2005., Contemporary Strat egy Analysis, 5th edition. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. Haderberg, A., Rieple, A. 2008. Strategic management: Theory Application. England: Oxford University Press. Hendry, C., 1994. Human Resource Strategies for International Growth. London: Routeledge. Henry, A., 2008. Understanding Strategic management. England: Oxford University press. Hill, C. Jones, G., 2009. Strategic Management: an Integrated Approach. Ohio: Cengage Brain. Johnson, G., Scholes, K., and Whittington, R., 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pahl, N., Ritcher, A., 2009. SWOT Analysis- Idea, Methodology A Practical Approach. Germany: Druck Bindung Books. Phillips, J., Gully, S. M., 2011. Organizational Behaviour: Tools for Success. Ohio: Cengage Brain. Stevens, R. E., Loudon, D., 2005. Marketing Planning Guide. New York: Routeledge. Tansky, J.W., Heneman, R. L., 2006. Human Resource Strategies for the High Growth Entrepreneurial Firm. USA, Information age. The Olympic Developm ent Authority (ODA). 2010. Sustainable Development Strategy.  Web.

Taking Community College Classes in High School A Guide

Taking Community College Classes in High School A Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a high school student who is interested in taking classes at a community college? Community college classes can be a great way for high school studentsto take more challenging courses and prepare for college. Read on to learn everything you need to know about community college classes for high school students: the benefits of taking community college classes in high school, when totake them, and how you can start getting enrolled. How Can a High School Student Take Community College Classes? Aren’t community college classes justfor college students? Actually, no. While the primarypurpose of community collegeis to provide an education tocollege students, mostnow alsoofferclasses to people of varying ages and levels of education,from children to senior citizens. Many community colleges allow high school studentsto take certain classes. Sometimes high school studentsare only able to enroll in introductory classes, and they may also be required to submit their high school transcript or a teacher recommendation as proof that they can handle a college-level course. Some high schools have organized programs with community colleges that allow high schoolstudentsto take college classes as a replacement for one or more of their regular high school classes.This is especially common in smaller high schools or those with few advanced or AP course offerings because it lets high school students take challenging classes they wouldn’t have been able to take otherwise. These classes can help high school students strengthen their transcripts and prepare for college. Other times, high school studentschoose to take community college classes without receiving any high school credit; however; they may be able to receive college credit once they enroll in a college or university. What Are the Benefits of Taking Community College Classes inHigh School? Why would a high school studentbe interested in taking community college classes? There are several benefits. Benefit #1: You Can Take More Advanced Classes If your high school doesn’t offer certain advanced classes, taking them at a community college can be a great way to strengthen your transcript.If your high school doesn’t offer many or even any AP classes, you may be concerned that your school's lack of challenging classes will put you behind other students when applying to and starting college. You may also be particularly strong in a certain subject and want to take an advanced course in it, either because you have taken all your high school’s classes in that subject, or they are not challenging enough for you. At my high school, each year, several students who had taken AP Calculus as juniors would take Calculus III at the local community college to gain more math skills and be better prepared for college math classes. Taking these classes at a community college while you are still in high school can help prepare you for college classes and possibly allow you to skip some introductory classes once you get to college. GotCredit/Flickr Benefit #2: They Can Help Your College Application Stand Out Having college classes on your transcript is a great way to strengthen your transcript and your college applications.Your community college classes may be included on your high school transcript, labeledin such a way to show they are college-level classes, or, if not, you can include your community college transcript withyour applications. Taking community college classes in high school shows that you can take initiative, are hard working, and have strong academic skills, which are all qualities colleges like to see in applicants. Benefit #3: You'll Be Better Prepared for College If you are concerned about college or simply want to be better prepared when you set foot on campus, taking classes at a community college is a great way to introduce yourself to the rigor of college-level classes. College classes, even at community colleges, are usually more difficult and faster-paced than high school classes, and by taking one or more in high school, you can be better prepared for university classes. This will likely help you get better grades and feel less stressed as a college student. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. What Are the Drawbacks to Taking Community College Classes in High School? Though there are major benefits to community college classes for high school students, there are also some drawbacks. Drawback #1: They Can Be Challenging College classes can be quite different from high school classes; they are usually more challenging, faster-paced, and require more homework and studying. If you are not prepared for this, taking a community college class can be very stressful, and you may not get the grade you want. Drawback #2: They May Not Always Be Fulfilling Sometimes,community college classes aren't challenging, in fact, in some cases high school students feel that the community college classes they take are easy, especially when compared to AP or other advanced classes. If you are used to rigorous classes, there's a chance that you will find your community college classes too easy, especially if you are taking introductory classes. This may result in you not learning as much as you'd like to. A good way to reducethe chanceof this happening is to ask the school for asyllabusof the class or classes you are interested in taking. Syllabi will usually include the topics students learn and major assignments, and they can help you get a better idea of what the class will cover and how quickly itwill cover it. Drawback #3: They Can Be Expensive Most students do not have to pay for the classes they take in high school, and it can be difficult to afford the tuition required for college classes.Even though community college classes are typically less expensive than regular 4-year colleges, tuition is still usually at least $100 per credit hour, which means taking one community college class can cost several hundred dollars or more. Sometimes high schools will pay for their students to take community college classes, especiallyif they don't offer a particular class themselves. Ask your academic adviserwhat your school's policy is for covering the costs of community college classes. If they do help with costs, this can save you thousands of dollars! However, if your high school doesn't cover community college costs, be sure to choose your community college classes carefully so you know you are getting the best value for your money. Also, if your high school offers a similar course, such as an AP class, you may want to consider taking that instead. Taking community college classes may meanyou have to pay tuition fees and other expenses. (Tax Credits/Flickr) Read the sections below to learn more about how to make smart decisions when taking community college classes and minimize negative impacts. When Should You Take Community College Classes? You should think carefully about what semester and year you want to enroll in a community college class.It’s recommended that you don’t take community college classes until you are at least a junior in high school. By the time you are an upperclassman, you will likely have had more challenging courses and will be more prepared for college-level classes. If you take a community college class early on in high school, you may find it overwhelming or too challenging. This can cause you to get alow grade that won’t get you many of the benefits listed above. Another important decision is whether to take a community college class during the school year or over the summer. Most community colleges offer both options, though not all courses may be offered each semester.If you are getting high school credit or replacing a high school class, then you will likely take the community college class during the school year. If there are certain times of the year when you are less busy (for example, a semester when you don’t have a sport or have less challenging classes), you may want to take a community class then so that you can spend more time on it.However, if the community college class you are interested in isn’t earning you high school credit or replacing a high school class, it may be easier for you to take it during the summer.Taking a community college class during the summer gives you more time to concentrate on it because you won’t have to balancea full high school course loadat the same time. Don’t try to take a community college class if you are already busy with your high school classes and activities. Taking a college course when you don’t have enough time to put towards it can cause you to feel stressed and overwhelmed, and it may cause you to get a low grade in the class, which won’t do much to help your applications or prepare you for college. It’s also recommended that you start by enrolling inonly one community college class at a time, especially if you are taking it during the school year. This will give you a chance to get used to college classes withoutgetting in over your head. Don't sign up for too many community college classes at once, or else you may find yourself feeling overwhelmed, and your high school grades may drop. How Do You Decide Which Community College Classes to Take? You will want to think carefully about which community college classes to take in order to maximize their usefulness and how much you learn. Although high school students oftencan't sign up for classes until after full-time college students have, you will likely still have a lot of potential class options left to choose from. Read through your community college’s course catalog and think about the following questions to help you choose which courses to take: Consideration #1: Are There Classes YourHigh School Doesn't Offer That You'd Like to Take? Look at your high school’s course catalog and think about the classes you plan to take before you graduate. Is there a particular class you wish you could take but isn’t offered by your high school?This can include advanced classes such as upper-level math classes or AP classes, or it can simply be classes you are interested in but your school doesn’t offer, likecertainforeign language classes or a specialized history course. If so, look to see if your community college offers a course in that subject. Colleges, even community colleges, usually have a wider course selection than high schools, so you may be able to find a class you’re interested in.Often when you take a class you enjoy you’ll get a higher grade in it than a class you don’t find interesting because you are more motivated to study and do the homework. Consideration #2: Which Classes Will Be Useful for College? Another thing to consider when choosing community college classes is which classes will help best prepare you for college.If you already know what you plan on majoring in, then you may want to take classes related to that field of study. For example, if you know you want to be pre-med, check out your community college’s biology or human physiology classes. If you are not sure what you’d like to study in college, almost all majors are required to take at least one math and one writing class, so courses in those subjects will likely be useful later on. However, don’t assume that you will automatically get college credit for the community college classes you take because some colleges have very strict policies about transfer credit. Even if you don’t receive college credit, remember that taking community college classes is still useful because they strengthen your college applications and help you be better prepared for future college classes. Consideration #3: Which Subjects Does Your High School Recommend? Your school may already have a list of community college classes that previous students have taken and enjoyed, and they may also have a list of community college classes that they give credit for or accept as a substitute for a particular high school class. If your high school has recommendations, this can make choosing which coursesto take easier, because you will already have some idea of what classes other students have found useful.This information is also helpful if you are looking to get high school credit for your community college class. Consideration #4: What Prerequisites Are Required? When you see a class you find interesting, check the course description to see if there are any prerequisites or prior knowledge you need to have in order to takethe class.College classes are already more challenging than high school classes, and taking a class you aren’t prepared for on top of that can make it very difficult to get a good grade in the class. In addition to checking prerequisites, you may also want to start by taking introductory classes to ease yourself into college-level courses. These classes usually have the word â€Å"Introduction† or â€Å"Introductory† in their title or have a course number that begins with the number one (such as English 101). Consideration #5: When Are Certain Classes Offered? Logistics are also an important consideration when choosing classes. There may be certain days of the week or months of the year when you have more time to devote to your community college classes. As mentioned above, it’s important to make sure you have enough free time in your schedule before you enroll in a community college course.By choosing classes that fill well in your schedule, you will make your community college experience less stressful and more enjoyable. Looking through yourcalendar may help you decide which community college classes to take. How to Enroll in Community College Classes After you have decided which class you want to take, you need to begin the enrollment process.Before you enroll, talkto your academic adviserat your high school to learn if this class will be included on your transcript or if you will be able to use it to substitute for another course. You may need to provide them with a course description or syllabus to review. You should also ask them if your high school will cover the costs of the class, and, if so, how and when they will do so. Next you need to enroll in the community college. This process varies by school. Some only require you to fill out basic information about yourself, especially if you will only be taking a few classes. Others require the same enrollment process a full-time student attending the school goes through, which may mean filling out an application and submitting test scores. This process can take up to a few weeks, so give yourself enough time to complete it before classes start. Once you are enrolled, you can sign up for the class you want to take. Remember that, as mentioned above, oftentimes high school students have to wait until after current college students have had a chance to select their courses before they are able to sign up forclasses. Almost all community colleges have online enrollment, but you can also usuallysign up by mailing in a form or going to the campus office and selecting your classesin person. At this time, you will likely have to submit your tuition payment.After you sign up for a class, you will be sent information about it. This information usually includes where and when the class meets, what textbooks and other materials you need, and a course syllabus that tells you what topicsthe class will cover. Before the class starts, buy your textbooks and any other materials you need, and make sure you know how to get to the campus.On the first day of class, try to arrive a few minutes early so that you are ready and prepared when your first college class begins.Congratulations, you're now on your way to becoming a college student! Summary Many students have the option of enrolling in classes at a local community college as a way to take a more advanced class or help prepare them for college. You may be able to substitute a community college class for one of your high school classes or get credit for it once you start college. Even though they can be expensive and challenging, taking community college classes while in high school can strengthen your transcript and help you be more prepared for college classes. Wait to take community college classes until you are at least a junior and know you have enough time to devote to the class. To decide which class to take, look over the school’s course catalog, talk to your academic adviser, and think about which classes will be helpful when you go to college. What's Next? Want to know what classes you can take in high school?We have a complete list of high school classes so you can see what your options are. Struggling with a certain class and wondering if you should drop it? We have a guide that willhelp you decide whether to drop a class or notand explains how it will impact your college applications. Trying to decide between community college classes and AP classes?Which one looks better on college applications? Read our guide for a complete overview of both. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Role of Inflammation in the Development of Atherosclerosis Essay - 1

Role of Inflammation in the Development of Atherosclerosis - Essay Example Normal endothelium does not allow binding of white blood cells. It is only after the damage of endothelium, that a series of events is initiated which ensues in inflammation. In this essay, the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis will be discussed through the review of the suitable literature.  Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the wall of the artery thickens due to the accumulation of fatty substances like cholesterol and triglycerides (Binder & Witztum, 2011). The condition affects arterial blood vessels secondary to chronic inflammation of the innermost wall of the arteries and is mainly caused due to the accumulation of macrophages. Accumulation of macrophages is promoted by low-density lipoproteins. Stiffening of arteries occurs due to the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. There are basically 3 groups of atherosclerotic lesions and they are progressive atherosclerotic lesions, nonatherosclerotic intimal lesions and healed atherosclerotic plaques (Lib by et al, 2011). Certain preexisting intimal lesions have intimal thickening and fatty streaks and adult lesions can arise from these Intimal thickening mainly involves the smooth muscles cells which lie in a proteoglycan-rich matrix. In early lesions, moderate cell replication can occur, but in adult lesions, they are mainly clonal. Fatty streaks are basically intimal xanthomata in which there is the accumulation of fat-laden macrophages. These lesions have lesser number of smooth muscle cells and the lesser number of T-lymphocytes. These are nonatherosclerotic lesions. In progressive atherosclerosis lesions, there can be stable or non-stable plaques. The plaques have intimal thickening with deposition of lipid. But there is no evidence of necrosis (Binder & Witztum, 2011). Smooth muscle cells and proteoglycans overly the area of plaques along with T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Healed atherosclerotic plaques are those which have had thrombotic lesions but have recovered.